
Since Halloween is right around the corner, I thought it would be fun to do a bit o’ research on the origin of Halloween. Here’s what I learned:
Two thousand years ago, the Celts celebrated the new year on November 1. This day commemorated the harvest and the countdown toward the dark, cold winter. Celts believed that on October 31, the border between the worlds of the living and the dead opened. On that night, they celebrated Samhain – a time when they believed that the spirits of the dead returned to cause trouble for the living. However, they also believed that the presence of ghosts made it easier for the Druids predict the future and these prophecies were an important source of comfort and direction during the long, dark winter.
To commemorate Samhain, Druids built huge sacred bonfires, where the people gathered to sacrifice crops and animals to the Celtic deities.
During Samhain, the Celts wore costumes of animal heads and skins and told each other’s fortunes. When the celebration was over, they re-lit their home fires with torches from the sacred bonfire to help protect them during the coming months ahead.
Later, over the four hundred years that the Romans ruled the Celtic lands, two festivals of Roman origin were combined with the traditional Celtic celebration of Samhain: Feralia, a day in late October when the Romans traditionally commemorated the passing of the dead; and there was a day to honor Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit and trees. Pomona’s symbol is the apple and some believe this is the origin of the modern tradition of “bobbing” for apples at today’s Halloween parties.
When the influence of Christianity spread into Celtic lands in the seventh century, Pope Boniface IV designated November 1 All Saints’ Day, a time to honor saints and martyrs. Many believe that the pope did this to replace the Celtic festivals of the dead with a church-sanctioned holiday. The celebration was also called All-hallows or All-hallowmas (from Middle English Alholowmesse meaning All Saints’ Day) and the night before it, the night of Samhain, began to be called All-hallows Eve and, eventually, Halloween.
Even later, the church made November 2 All Souls’ Day, a day to honor the dead. It was celebrated similarly to Samhain, with big bonfires, parades, and dressing up in costumes as saints, angels, and devils. Collectively, the three celebrations of All Saints’ eve, All Saints’ day, and All Souls’ day, were called Hallowmas.
As European immigrants came to America, they brought varied Halloween customs with them. But early New England had a rigid Protestant belief systems that limited Halloween celebrations. Such festivities were much more common in the southern colonies. As the beliefs and customs of different Europeans melded, the American version of Halloween began to materialize. The first celebrations were public events held to commemorate the harvest. During these Colonial festivals, neighbors would share ghost stories, tell fortunes, dance, and sing. And there was plenty of mischief-making.
In the second half of the nineteenth century, America was flooded with new immigrants. These new settlers, especially the millions of Irish fleeing Ireland’s potato famine, helped to popularize the celebration of Halloween. Borrowing from Irish and English traditions, Americans began to dress up in costumes and go house to house asking for food or money – the precursor to “trick-or-treating.”
Still, in the late 1800s, there was a attempt to mold the America Halloween into a holiday more about community and neighborly get-togethers, and less about goblins, tricks, and witchcraft.
By the turn of the century, Halloween parties featuring games, foods of the season, and festive costumes became a common way to celebrate. Communities were encouraged to remove everything scary or monstrous from Halloween celebrations. Because of this trend, by the beginning of the twentieth century, Halloween lost most of its superstitious and religious overtones.
By the 1920s, Halloween was firmly a secular holiday, with featuring festivals and parties. In addition, the centuries-old practice of trick-or-treating was revived around this time. Unfortunately, so was the practice of vandalism. Trick-or-treating was a relatively inexpensive way for a community to come together and, in theory, prevent tricks being played on them by providing the neighborhood children with small treats. From these roots, a new American tradition was born, and continues to grow. According to the History Channel, today, Americans spend an estimated $6.9 billion annually on Halloween, making it the country’s second largest commercial holiday.
As our daughter has gotten older and more involved in school activities, we don’t go trick-or-treating any more, but we used to. We still try to carve out come time to make a Jack-O-Lantern and toast the pumpkin seeds.
What are some of your favorite Halloween traditions?
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